We have all been in classes where the person in charge provides information that we study and learn. This is known as a teacher-centered approach. However, there are also classes where the learners take the lead, resulting in learning by doing.
This article provides a closer look at two learner-centered approaches that can help you achieve your language learning goals: Task Based Learning (TBL) and Project Based Learning (PBL). Both approaches will be introduced and evaluated for their differences.
What is Task Based Learning (TBL)?
The completion of specific tasks is the focus of TBL. Tasks are defined as those that are performed in everyday life, and are therefore authentic to the learners’ context. TBL was originally used by foreign-language teachers who applied “Communicative Language Teaching” (CLT) – a methodology that emerged in the 1970s.
TBL has three stages:
- Pre-Task where the trainer prepares, contextualizes and motivates the learners.
- Performance of the Task by the learners. Small groups or pairs are preferable to larger groups. The results are reported to the other learners.
- Post-Task is the evaluation of the performance. Peer reviews are the ideal method for this stage.
The assigned tasks can be simple or complicated depending on the learners’ language level. The important aspect is that learners focus on actual communication and not just repetition of memorized knowledge.
TBL allows learners to prioritize “real communication”. The learners find themselves in “authentic situations” where they have to use all of their skills. “It makes learners aware of their needs and encourages them to take (some of the) responsibility for their own learning.”
Learners must communicate with each other in order to complete the task. Using the necessary skills builds confidence and improves motivation. The understanding of language is on a different level since there is a realistic context.
What is Project Based Learning (PBL)?
“(Project)-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered approach in which students learn about a subject by working in groups to solve an open-ended problem. This problem is what drives the motivation and the learning.”[1] Usually, the projects are interdisciplinary and involve a variety of skills.
Projects are discussed and analyzed with the seven-step approach:
1. Clarifying unfamiliar terms
2. Problem definition
3. Brainstorm
4. Analyzing the problem
5. Formulating learning goals
6. Self-study
7. Reporting
Rather than teaching relevant material and subsequently having learners apply the knowledge to solve problems, the problem is presented first.
Learners are challenged to think critically and not only develop solutions to address the problem but also communicate the solutions. The role of the trainer shifts to that of a “project manager” as the learners take center stage and work independently.
A distinct advantage of PBL is the motivation it provides for learners as “(it) brings facts to life.” Learners are given the chance to tackle complex problems and develop skills for future success. Project-Based Learning involves longer-term projects, that require more time to plan, execute, and complete.
Conclusion
Both TBL and PBL prioritize the development of communication skills with an emphasis on practical application. The primary learning objective of TBL is to develop communicative competence and language proficiency as well as the use of language in social and cultural contexts.
The learning objectives of PBL go beyond language acquisition. PBL aims to foster effective communication and the collaboration necessary for “real-world” problem-solving. TBL is shorter in duration while PBL takes more time and demands more planning.
Both of these learner-centered approaches have the potential to make learning more enjoyable, valuable and effective. Consider these methods when you are exploring the type of learning environment that you want to experience.
Sources:
https://www.teacheracademy.eu/blog/task-based-learning/
https://issuu.com/martinez09/docs/pdf_task_based_learning/s/10927630
https://www.teacheracademy.eu/blog/tbl-vs-pbl/
https://teaching.cornell.edu/problem-based-learning
stap 1: begripsverheldering (eur.nl)
https://blog.definedlearning.com/blog/what-is-project-based-learning